Melakhim B 4: Elisha and the Shunammite Woman
SEFER MELAKHIM BET:
THE SECOND BOOK OF KINGS
By Rav Alex
Israel
Shiur #06: Chapter 4 Part 2: Elisha
and the Shunammite Woman
4:8-37 THE
SHUNAMMITE WOMAN AND HER SON
The previous
story depicted a desperately poor widow with two children and no food. We now
encounter a lady, married and wealthy, who generously distributes food and
provides lodgings, but who is childless. This is a "great lady" of Shunem, who
hosts Elisha in her home due to the fact that he is a "holy man of God." In
consultation with her husband, she builds Elisha an apartment where he can stay
whenever he is in town. Elisha wishes to reward his hostess for all her trouble,
and he promises her that "at this season, next year, you will be embracing a
son." Indeed, a son is born at the designated time. However, years later, the
child mysteriously dies. The
Shunammite
woman lays her
dead child on Elisha's bed and hurries to find the prophet. Finding him at Mt.
Carmel she insists that he immediately accompany her to Shunem. He finds the
lifeless child and revives him.
Our tradition
assigns this chapter as the haftara for Parashat Va-yera. What is
the connection between the two stories? Va-yera is the Torah
portion that narrates Avraham's hospitality to three wayfarers, later identified
as angels, and their promise of Yitzchak's birth. At the close of Va-yera,
we read of Yitzchak's birth, his brush with death, and God's sparing his life in
the story of the Akeida (binding of Yitzchak.) The two stories[1]
share several similarities. In both:
-
An otherwise
childless couple is blessed with a child in response to their enthusiastic and
extraordinary hospitality.
-
"And her
husband is old" (II Melakhim 4:14); "and my husband is old" (Bereishit
18:12).
-
The
announcement is formulated as "at this season, next year
a son." (II
Melakhim 4:16 / Bereishit 18:10).
-
The promise is
made as the woman is positioned at the doorway (II Melakhim 4:15 /
Bereishit 18:10).
-
The woman
expresses scepticism at the prediction.
-
A child is
born one year later.
-
The son dies
or is on the verge of death and is saved at the last moment.
In light of
these parallels, we might categorize this story in the genre of the narratives
of other childless biblical women Sara, Rivka, Rachel, Leah, Manoach's wife,
Channa who miraculously conceive. This
then, is a story or relief, joy and promise. In second focus is the power of the
prophet who heralds the birth. In some of the above stories, God Himself "opens
the womb" of the childless woman; in other cases, the announcement is made by an
angel. Here Elisha assumes this auspicious role. And so, yet again this episode
highlights Elisha's supernatural abilities. Moreover, with Elisha's revival of
the boy coming on the heels of the previous episode (the pouring of the oil), we
immediately identify the linkage between the episodes, as virtually identical
recurrences of the miracles enacted by Eliyahu (I Melakhim
17:14-23). If so, then this is a story not merely about a Shunammite woman who
enters the exclusive group of biblical women whose childlessness ends in a
miraculous birth, but about Elisha functioning as God's agent in the image of
his master Eliyahu.
PROBLEMS
And yet, this
initial perspective is challenged as we identify aspects of this story that are
puzzling and disconcerting. Let us begin by examining the two chief protagonists
of the story, Elisha and the Shunammite woman. Each of them undergoes a certain
transformation or reversal as the chapter progresses.
The Shunammite
woman is initially depicted as content with her life and undemanding of the
prophet. This "great lady," (4:8) a term indicative of aristocratic lineage or
wealth, venerates Elisha, yet is uninterested in any special privilege she might
merit from her close association with him. When Elisha offers her the
opportunity to "talk to the king or to the head of the army," he is rebuffed by
the Shunammite woman's modest response: "I live among my own people" (4:13).
When he promises her a child, her response is self-effacing:
"Please my lord, man of God, do not
delude your maidservant" (4:16) as if to say that she is unworthy of this
tremendous gift.[2]
.
And yet, in
the latter segment of the story, her assertiveness and confidence commands our
attention as she bursts into activity, rushing to the prophet, seizing his feet[3]
and berating him: "Did I ask my lord for a son?" (4:28). When Elisha suggests
that Geichazi proceed to Shunem to revive her son, she becomes insistent,
demanding that Elisha accompany her personally: "As the Lord lives and as you
live, I will not leave you!"
Thus, we
identify a dramatic shift in the Shunammite woman's behavior vis-a-vis Elisha.
One wonders whether this is the critical focus of the narrative.
However Elisha
too finds himself in an unexpected role reversal. At first, we meet him as "a
holy man of God" (4:9) who can produce the miracle of childbearing with the same
ease with which he can talk to the king or the army chief. He announces the
miraculous birth without a second thought, and indeed God fulfils his decree:
"The woman conceived and bore a son at the set time of which
Elisha had spoken" (4:17).
But in the
latter section of the story, Elisha falters. When the child dies, and he is
confronted by the desperate mother, Elisha
remarks "she is in bitter distress and the Lord has hidden it from me and has
not told me" (4:27).
This double
phraseology expresses Elisha's dismay that something is seriously amiss. Why is
God not granting Elisha this information? Elisha is in crisis.
In the next
scene,
Elisha dispatches Geichazi with his staff, expecting it to revive the dead
child. Yet the attempt is ineffective: "The boy has not awakened" (4:31).
Yet again, Elisha's intuition has failed him. The prophet who was so strident,
who had dispensed miracles freely, suddenly discovers that his supernatural
powers elude him. Why does Elisha experience this failure? What does this
chapter tell us about him?
Finally, we reach the most critical question of the story: Why did the boy die?
The prophet has endowed a generous and spiritually attuned lady with a divine
gift. Why did God allow the miracle-child to die?
Both classical and contemporary scholars have addressed these problems
extensively. We shall present several approaches, each from the Beit Midrash
of Yeshivat Har Etzion.
RAV ELCHANAN SAMET THE SHUNAMMITE WOMAN
We begin with Rav Elchanan Samet[4]
who views the entire episode as one which revolves around the character of the
Shunammite woman. In a
dramatic assertion, he proposes that she herself was primarily responsible for
her son's untimely death. God's endowment of a child to a previously childless
woman generally results in a child who is destined to become a leader, a person
who will make a significant contribution, like Shimshon, or Shmuel. Accordingly,
the Shunammite woman should have celebrated the miraculous birth of a son, as
promised by the prophet, with thanksgiving to God. And yet, she verbally
disregards the gift that has been granted to her: "Did I ask
for a son?"
(4:28). Rav Samet suggests that she had accommodated her life to a childless
family structure.[5]
She failed to comprehend and appreciate the special responsibility of raising
her miracle-child. Instead of studying Torah, we find the boy accompanying his
father into the fields. It was this
lack of concern for the child's spiritual upbringing that precipitated his
untimely death. It is only after this tragedy that the Shunammite woman begins
to comprehend the enormous gift that she had received, and she begins to fight
for her son, at which point God grants Elisha the power to revive him. As she
bows to the floor, she acknowledges not only the prophet, but also the God in
whose name he acts. As she carries her resurrected son from Elisha's room, she
experiences the rebirth of her son as she now appreciates the great gift that
she received.
RAV SABATO ELISHA DISCOVERS HIS LIMITS
Rav Mordechai
Sabato[6]
rejects Rav Samet's approach:
A comparison
with other stories in Tanakh of barren women who miraculously conceived
shows that there is no mention of any of them having taken extra care in raising
their children. Yet, none of them
were punished.
Although in
midrashic conceptions, the place of children is studying Torah, and not going
into the fields, this is rarely evidenced explicitly in the text. In fact, the reason the Tanakh
focuses so little attention on the Shunammite woman's son results from
the nature and purpose of the story.
The focus is on the stature and power of the prophet, not on the birth of
the child. (Sabato, pg.45)
Instead, Rav
Sabato unveils his own theory, which points an accusatory finger at Elisha. He
begins with a midrash:
Three keys are
in the hands of God, and no being has control over them: the key to revive the
dead, the key of childbirth, and the key of rainfall. (Devarim Rabba 7)
Rav Sabato
extrapolates from here:
Surprisingly,
Elisha neglects to request of God the power to bring life. In fact, he manipulates the "key" by
force without the consent of its owner
Elisha overstepped the boundaries of his
authority when he decreed: "This time next year you will embrace a son." He was a messenger of God, yet
behaved as though he could grant life on his own. This lies in contrast to any other
episode in Tanakh, where it is exclusively God's prerogative. (pg. 46)
Elisha starts
the chapter having independently granted the gift of life. The entire story
narrates the process whereby God educates Elisha, teaching him his prophetic
limitations. Elisha's presumptuous granting of a child overstepped the mandate
of the prophet; even the Shunammite woman was taken aback by Elisha's
offer to grant a son: "Please, my lord, man of God, do not delude your
maidservant" (4:16). She senses something inappropriate.
One compelling
support for this theory emerges from a textual parallel with the promise of
Yitzchak's birth. When Yitzchak is born, we read:
"Sarah
conceived and bore Avraham a son
at the set time of which God had spoken."
(Bereshit 21:2)
But with the
birth of the Shunammite woman's son, the verse states:
"The woman
conceived and bore a son at the set time of which Elisha had spoken." (II
Melakhim 4:17)
This
comparison demonstrates quite convincingly that Elisha has usurped God's role.
Nevertheless,
God allows the child to be born and then to die in order to explain to
Elisha the limits of his role. When Elisha confesses that he is ignorant of the
child's death, he is acknowledging that "his divinely inspired ability to
discern hidden events has been taken away from him" (pg.48). However, he still
imagines that his staff in the hand of Geichazi can revive the child; initially
he doesn't even consider traveling to Shunem!
However, with
lightning speed, Elisha's illusions are smashed.
Upon arrival, Elisha sees the full extent of his error: the boy, stiff
and cold, lying on his bed.
Face-to-face with the lifeless form of the boy, Elisha, reeling from the impact
of his discovery, finally turns to God and, in recognition of his own utter
insignificance, prays.
Viewed in this
context, the child's unexpected death was destined from birth. He entered the world with the sole
purpose of dying when he grew up, in order to teach the lesson that life created
by man is non-existent and has no validity.
The theme of the narrative is not the miracle of the birth, but rather
the power of the prophet, or more accurately, his limitations. As mentioned previously, the focus
of the story is not the Shunammite woman and her son, but the transformation and
maturation of Elisha the prophet." (pgs. 48-49)
According to
Rav Sabato, Elisha's mistake is thinking that he can independently generate
life. In the chapter's final scene, Elisha is forced to turn to God directly,
praying to Him, acknowledging God's exclusive role as life-giver. Only once
Elisha has appealed to God will the boy to be revived. While Rav Samet relates
to the story as the transformation of the Shunammite woman, Rav Sabato[7]
sees Elisha as the chapter's key figure. The story here is the process by which
God guides Elisha to a realization of the limits of his prophetic role.
GEICHAZI
DIRECT OR INDIRECT
Rav Sabato
fails to adequately answer all the questions, for if God wishes to inform Elisha
of the limits of his supernatural abilities, why did he allow the child to be
born at all? If Elisha's original prophecy had not been actualized, Elisha would
have easily intuited that he lacked the ability to grant life. Did the
Shunammite woman and her family have to suffer for a lesson that could have been
learned by other means?
There are two
secondary characters in the story. The Shunammite woman's husband plays a
passive role and, although his wife seems more dominant, serves as a
stereotypical master of the house; he is the address for the family finances
regarding the building of the apartment for Elisha, and his wife must inform him
when she leaves the homestead.[8]
However, he is uninterested in the holy man who visits frequently; they never
interact.
The second
character is far more critical to the storyline: Geichazi. Elisha's assistant
features in every key scene. Elisha repeatedly employs him as a loyal
intermediary, as his messenger. And yet, we discover that in each circumstance,
Geichazis actions are met with failure, a failure that may be viewed,
ultimately, as a shortcoming of Elisha.
In the initial
scene, Elisha seeks a way in which to thank the Shunammite woman for her
hospitality. He sends Geichazi to approach the woman and offer her the
opportunity to "talk to the king or the head of the army, (4:13) but she
informs him that she lacks nothing. It is interesting that in this conversation
Elisha does not address the Shunammite woman in person; the entire conversation
transpires through the mediation of Geichazi. After the woman rejects Elisha's
offer, he expresses his frustration: "What can we do for her?" Geichazi
responds: "She has no son, and her husband is old." Although Elisha eventually
announces the miracle, it is Geichazi, not Elisha, who first proposes the idea
of endowing the woman with a son. And of course, the son dies.
After the child collapses and dies,[9]
the Shunammite woman hurries to Elisha at Mt. Carmel. Again, it is Geichazi who
is sent to interact with her: "How are you? How is your husband? How is the
child?" (4:26). However, she curtly dismisses Geichazi and engages Elisha
directly. Geichazi blunders yet again as he "stepped forward to push her away."
Elisha corrects him: "Leave her alone, for she is in bitter distress." Once
again, Elisha's use of Geichazi as a mediator is unsuccessful, and he misses the
mark a second time when he fails to see the woman's deep pain.
Moreover, as we have mentioned, it is at
this point that Elisha expresses the fact that God had hidden the child's death
from him. He must wait for the Shunammite woman to inform him of the problem.
In the third scene, the revival, Elisha entrusts Geichazi yet again,
anticipating that his staff will resuscitate the child. Geichazi's actions are
proven inadequate: "The boy has not awakened" (4:31). Only then does Elisha
engage in a personal effort to revive the child: praying, placing himself over
the child, and breathing into him and warming him - the Radak suggests that this
is some form of mouth-to-mouth resuscitation and only at that point does the
child return to life. In this scene too, Geichazi's involvement generates a
setback which only Elisha can redress.
What is the importance of Geichazi in this story? The promise of a child, his
death, and his subsequent resurrection could have been ably communicated without
reference to Geichazi, and yet, his role is central to each segment of the
narrative. His failures seem to reflect poorly upon Elisha. What does his
presence add to the chapter?
GEICHAZI'S SINS
In the broader context of II Melakhim, Geichazi is portrayed as a
highly negative character. In the chapter we shall study next week, Geichazi
deceives Elisha and the prophet afflicts him with leprosy. The Mishna
impugns Geichazi's reputation even more by condemning him as one of "four
commoners who have no place in the World to Come" (Sanhedrin, chapter
10). That being said, for now, we shall view Geichazi on the basis of our
chapter alone.
Rav Sabato portrays Geichazi as intoxicated with his master's miraculous powers:
He
believes that his master is all-powerful.
In the eyes of Geichazi, nothing is beyond Elisha's prowess
not even the ability to bring life into the world. In fact, Geichazi suggested that
Elisha grant the Shunammite woman a son.
Elisha never imagined that granting a child was within his power, yet
Geichazi's suggestion triggers a thought-process within the prophet that leads
to his unauthorized decree
"this time next year you will embrace a son."
(Sabato, pg.49)
In this vein, we might quote the following midrash which depicts the scene as
Geichazi journeys to Shunem, bearing Elisha's staff, to revive the boy:
They said to him, Where are you going, Geichazi?
He said to them, To resurrect the dead.
They said to him, And can you resurrect the dead? And is it not the Holy One,
blessed be he, who resurrects the dead? The Lord kills and brings to life (1
Sam. 2:6).
He said to them, So too my lord can kill and bring back to life. (Mekhilta
Amalek 1)
Indeed, the very portrayal of a conversation involving Geichazi reflects a
certain criticism of Geichazi. After all, Elisha had specifically instructed
Geichazi: "Take my staff in your hand and go. When you meet anyone, do not greet
him; and if anyone greets you do not answer him." (4:29) When this midrash
depicts Geichazi as conversing with people on the way, it is suggesting that
Geichazi imagined Elisha to be so powerful that the restrictions and
instructions were immaterial; Geichazi supposed that this would be easy for
Elisha.
If we consider a second image, when the Shunammite woman seizes Elisha's legs
and Geichazi tries to distance her,[10]
we may assess that he was so focused on the prestige of the prophet, that he
didn't even notice how distraught she was.
This reading proposes that Geichazi was obsessed with his master and idolized
him, possibly suggesting miracles that were inappropriate. At the same time, the
eagerness of the prophet's attendant is hardly a crime. We shall suggest another
approach.[11]
THE PROPHET'S COURT
The chapter begins with the Shunammite woman, who was interested in hosting
Elisha because he was "a holy man of God (4:2). The text says the she "urged
him" to eat with her family, but the phrase is "va-tachazek bo"
literally translated as "she seized him." It appears that this woman is excited
about religion: she attends the prophet's gatherings every Shabbat and Rosh
Chodesh. She seeks closer contact with the prophet, or merely the opportunity to
host him, as he tours the country, teaching, preaching and assisting people, and
this is why she wishes to host him in her home.
And yet, every time Elisha "converses" with the woman, Geichazi is the mediator
in the discussion. Perhaps the prophet acts this way out of modesty. But
possibly, as the prophet becomes busier with more demands on his time, he needs
to delegate, to assign various responsibilities to assistants and students. An
organizational bureaucracy, with its inevitable corollary the distancing of
the prophet from the common people has the potential to destroy the prophet
and his work. The people seek to interact with the man of God! In this story, as
the Shunammite woman approaches Elisha in a panicked state, she is greeted
courteously by Geichazi the assistant. But she doesn't need the "Office of the
Prophet," she needs Elisha! When Elisha delegates the revival of the boy to
Geichazi, the staff fails to revive the boy in the same manner that Geichazi's
greeting of the distraught woman cannot succeed. The key here is that Elisha
must have direct contact with the people. He cannot be the master prophet
surrounded by advisors and aides. The people want access to the prophet himself.
That is why God hid the information about the dead child from Elisha. Were he to
have discovered it by prophecy, he would have passed on the job to a
subordinate. But there is no replacement for a genuine "holy man of God." The
people want: "va-tachazek bo" direct contact, no Hassidic courts or
hierarchical offices. The prophet must be able to engage with people, looking
them in the eyes, sharing their pain.
This chapter highlights the danger of religious leaders becoming religious
institutions raising an issue of critical concern for Elisha: the charismatic
prophet must interact directly with his followers. This reading contends that
Elisha is being prompted to reassess his mode of leadership, but here the
message is different from that proposed by Rav Sabato. The figure of Geichazi is
indeed central to the story. Repeatedly, Geichazi falters and fails. Why? It is
not because Geichazi is a flawed personality; the problem lies with Elisha.
Geichazi cannot succeed because he is not the prophet! If Elisha's role is to
inspire and to support, he must deliver the word of God in person.
[1]
See Rav Yehuda Shaviv's article that draws connections between the first story
of II Melakhim ch.4 and Parashat Va-yera.
www.vbm-torah.org/archive/haftora/04vayera.doc
[2]
Uriel Simon, pg.296, Reading Prophetic Narratives, Jerusalem (1997) [Hebrew]
[3]
This is act of desperation, worded as "va-tachazek beraglav" is in direct
contrast to the similar phrase used earlier to express her generous hospitality:
"va-tachazek bo."
[4]
Megadim #13, "The Double Embrace," pgs. 73-97, Herzog College, Adar 5751
(1191).
[5]
Rav Moshe Lichtenstein categorically rejects this approach; he defends the
Shunammite woman as someone who has experienced years, possibly decades, of
torment and pain due to the inability to have children. The Shunammite womans
reticence is a result of her deep scars of infertility, as she dreads the
torment of the anticipation of a child, only to have her dreams and yearnings
disappointed. If anything, Elisha was guilty for playing with a childless
woman's sensitive and frayed emotions:
http://www.vbm-torah.org/archive/haftara/04haftara.htm
[6]
Megadim #15, "The Story of the Shunammite Woman," pgs.
45-53. Herzog College, Marcheshvan 5752 (1991). It may be accessed online
at
www.vbm-torah.org/alei/7-4sabato.rtf,
translated by Zev Jacobson.
[7]
A similar approach is adopted by Uriel Simon using his method of close reading,
pp 279-316, bid.
[8]
Rav Sabato suggests that in the two instances that he is mentioned he features
as a passive contrast to his wife's impressive alacrity.
[9]
Interestingly, the Shunammite woman never states that
the child is dead. Possibly this is a case of language creating the facts. She
is frightened that if she says that the he is dead, that indeed will be the
case. On the other hand, if she vaguely alludes to his condition, there is
always room for hope.
[10]
The Rabbis see this scene as yet another of Geichazi's flaws. See Berakhot
10b: "'He is a holy man.' R.Yosi son of Chanina said: He is holy but his
assistant is not holy, for it says, 'And Geichazi came near to thrust her
away.' R. Yosi son of Chanina said, he seized her by her breast." This Gemara
is interesting because it touches upon a latent sexuality in this scene as the
Shunammite woman seizes Elisha's legs, and in the story as a whole. The Talmud
suggests that Elisha was free of any untoward intent, but the same could not be
said about his assistant. Similarly, see Talmud Yerushalmi,
Sanhedrin 10:2. In this connection, see Admiel Kosman, "The Modesty Squad in
the Prophet's Court" Haaretz, 28, November, 1997.
[11]
I heard this idea from Rav Yaakov Medan.
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