The Multifaceted Nature of Agricultural Gifts to the Poor
Bein Adam Le-chavero: Ethics of Interpersonal Conduct
By Rav
Binyamin Zimmerman
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This shiur is sponsored by Aaron and
Tzipora Ross and family in memory of our grandparents
Shmuel Nachamu ben Shlomo Moshe HaKohen, Chaya bat Yitzchak Dovid, Shimon ben
Moshe, and Rivka bat Aharon, z"l,
whose yahrzeits fall out this month.
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Shiur #11: The Multifaceted Nature of
Agricultural Gifts to the Poor
Three Passages
In last week's lesson, in
the wake of our discussion regarding the Torah's extensive concern for human
dignity, we noted that Parashat Kedoshim discusses agricultural gifts to
the poor (Vayikra 19:9-10). These same mitzvot or similar ones
recur twice more in the Torah, in Parashat Emor and in Parashat Ki
Tetzei. What are we to learn from these three passages?
Let us look at them
inside. In Kedoshim, after a number of mitzvot regarding the
proper way to serve God and no other, the Torah introduces the concept of
reserving part of ones yield for the poor. These commandments are to be
fulfilled passively not by taking action, but by restraining oneself:
When you reap your lands harvest, you shall not
completely reap the corner of your field, nor shall you gather the gleaning of
your harvest.
The next verse speaks
about similar gifts from one's vineyard.
And you shall not pick
clean the vineyard, nor shall you gather the fallen fruit of the vineyard; you
shall leave them for the poor and for the stranger: I am Lord your God.
In
Parashat Ki
Tetzei, in Devarim 24:19-22, we find a similar list of commands, with the addition of another crop
(olives) and another type of produce to be left for the poor (the forgotten
bundle):
When you reap the harvest
in your field and you forget a bundle in the field, you shall not turn back to
take it; it shall be for the stranger, the orphan, and the widow, so that Lord
your God may bless you in all the work of your hands.
When you beat your olive tree, you shall
not go over the boughs again:
it shall be
for the stranger, the orphan, and the widow.
When you gather the grapes of your
vineyard, you shall not pick it clean afterwards:
it shall be for the stranger, the orphan, and the
widow. And you shall remember that you were a slave in the land
of Egypt; therefore, I command you to do this thing.
Perhaps the most striking passage is
back in Vayikra. Both Kedoshim and Ki Tetzei contain a
stunning assortment of mitzvot from all walks of life, but Parashat Emor
is extremely focused, unit by unit. Chapter 23, in particular, deals with the
laws of holidays throughout the year. The repetition of the mitzvot
already seems questionable, but positioning them (v. 22) in between two grain
offerings from the new crop, the omer of Pesach and the two loaves of
Shavuot, seems especially bizarre.
When you reap your lands harvest, you shall not complete
reaping the corner of your field, nor shall you gather the gleaning of your
harvest; you shall leave them for the poor and for the stranger: I am Lord your
God.
These commandments
certainly seem to be significant, and their placement in three different
contexts points to their complex nature.
The Actual Mitzvot
The first mitzva
enumerated in Kedoshim is known as peia,
referring to the corner of the field that must be left uncut for the poor to
reap. This mitzva applies equally to all fields, orchards and vineyards (as seen
in Devarim 24:20). In addition, we have the mitzva of leket,
often translated as gleanings.
It refers to the mitzva to leave for
the poor that which falls from the hands of the owner or the employee while
harvesting the field. This only applies if less than three stalks fall in one
place during the harvest; if, however, three stalks fall at once, then the owner
it permitted to collect them.
Our Sages (Shabbat
113b) state that Rut was aware of this law and was careful to only pick up one
or two fallen stalks.
The next
verse states a similar mitzva regarding the vineyard, known as peret.
Regarding vineyards there is an additional mitzva as well, not to pick clean
the vines by collecting the olelot, the underdeveloped clusters of grapes
which lack a complete body.
In
Parashat Ki Tetzei, another mitzva is introduced, known as shikhcha.
If a sheaf is forgotten during the harvest, the owner of the field may not
return to collect it, as it is to be left for the poor. This mitzva applies to
trees as well; when one forgets to pick one or two trees, they must be left for
the poor.
The Talmud (Chullin
131a) summarizes these agricultural mitzvot thusly:
There are
four gifts assigned by the Torah to the poor in a vineyard: the fallen grapes,
the undeveloped clusters, the forgotten clusters and the corner of the vineyard;
there are three in a field: the gleanings, the forgotten sheaf and the corner of
the field; and there are two in an orchard: the forgotten fruits and the corner.
As the Rambam makes clear in Sefer Ha-mitzvot, each
of these five named concepts, leket, shikhcha, peia, peret and olelot,
has a pair of mitzvot: a positive command to leave items for the poor
and a prohibition to take them. Nevertheless, there is a difference between
leket and shikhcha, on the one hand, and peia, on the other.
Leket and shikhcha are created by circumstance, whereas peia
involves an active setting aside of part of ones field. However, together all
the mitzvot transform one's field into a center for agricultural charity,
allowing one to provide for the poor in a dignified manner.
The Placement
A number of commentators
(ad loc.) explain the message of placing these commandments in the
chapter dealing with holiness. The Seforno comments:
The Torah explains that
once we have accepted Him as God, it is proper that we walk in His ways, to do
righteousness and justice, and among these are the gleanings, forgotten sheaves
and corner of the field mentioned in the chapter. This is explained by His
saying: "I am Lord your God" that is to say: since I am your God and all My
ways are kindness and truth, it is fitting that you observe these categories of
righteousness which are desirable before Me. Afterwards, the Torah continues to
explain the ways of justice
Similarly, the Netziv
explains in Hamek Davar:
All these prohibitions
are laws of God that bring peace, because the nature of the poor is that they
gather together at the period when others are harvesting their crops, and if
they were not to benefit from all the bounty that is being harvested by others,
the result would be cursing and defamation. However, if one has mercy on them,
it will lead to a society of love and good-heartedness
Rav S. R. Hirsch develops
this concept further:
The foundation for a holy
life, Kedoshim tihyu, starts with the fundamental laws of the family
and the individual, namely with respecting parents and Shabbat. This foundation
is completed with the fundamental law of society, namely the mitzva of
tzedaka, the right to receive it and the duty to give it. It is significant
that the social foundation is woven into one unit with laws pertaining to the
service of God, laws of sacrifices. For, in Jewish life that is sustained by
God, there is no antithesis of religious and social; they are not even separate,
coexisting parts of one higher whole. Rather, they are interrelated in organic
unity, like root and stock, blossom and fruit. Judaism says: Love God and love
mankind (Avot 6:1), for the love of God includes the love of his
creatures. The foundation of the peace offering, which is the joy of happiness,
is also the foundation of our responsibility for the happiness of others.
This brings us to the
question of what appears immediately before these mitzvot in Parashat
Kedoshim: four verses dealing with the proper way to bring a peace
offering. These verses (Vayikra 19:5-8) explain that one who offers a
peace offering should do so with the proper intention; if one offers it with the
intention to eat a portion of the offering after the prescribed time, it becomes
piggul (a loathsome thing) and must be destroyed. What does piggul
have to do with peia?
The Ibn Ezra argues (as
does the Chizkuni) that the placement here underscores the similarity between
the peace offering, which is mostly eaten by the owner, and the agricultural
yield, which is mostly eaten by the owner as well. Just as it is essential to
fulfill Gods will by giving a portion of the peace offering to the altar, it is
essential to fulfill Gods will by giving a portion of the crop to the poor.
The Keli Yakar suggests
that juxtaposition of piggul and gifts to the poor is indicative of the
primacy of tzedaka over offerings. For an offering to be a valid
religious expression, it requires the proper mindset, yet these agricultural
gifts are considered righteous gifts to the poor even if they are brought
without proper intention. This idea is specifically relevant to the mitzva of
leaving shikhcha, which is viewed as a righteous act of charity even if
the farmer is unaware of forgetting any sheaves prior to their being taken by
the poor (see Year 1, Lesson 6). Although the ideal way to provide charity is
with proper intention, the act of providing for the poor even unintentionally is
also significant.
One may take this idea in
a different direction as well. The juxtaposition highlights that offerings must
be brought with proper intention, while charity is valid even without the proper
intention; nevertheless, the ideal charity is to be given with the proper
mindset. For charity to become more than a good deed, to become an act of
holiness, it must be approached with the same significance with which one
approaches a sacrifice.
The Or Ha-chayim offers a
homiletic interpretation: even though one who eats piggul is condemned to
be excised for desecrating Gods holies, redemption is still possible.
Symbolically, the sickle has not yet reaped such a person. One must not "not
completely reap the corner of your field by becoming guilty of additional
crimes, as all parts of one's existence that have not taken part in the original
transgression continue to maintain their affinity with their holy origin. The
gleanings remain, and one must not wipe out that residue of holiness through
additional sin. Even if one has committed a crime which carries the penalty of
excision, there is a thread that remains and connects every Jew to the Throne.
Through repentance, the sinner may re-establish the connection with the Throne
of God.
The
Connection to the Holidays
While these commentators
note the significance of mentioning these agricultural gifts to the poor in
Kedoshim, it still must be explained what is gained by repeating them four
chapters later in Parashat Emor, in the middle of the discussion of the
festivals.
Torat Kohanim states that
this juxtaposition equates providing for the poor with the offering of
sacrifices, as one who gives these gifts to the poor is considered as if he has
offered sacrifices, and one who neglects his obligations to the poor is akin to
one who neglects his sacrificial duties.
Some of the commentators offer other
explanations, such as the Ibn Ezra, who explains simply that these mitzvot
are mentioned in the context of the festivals of Pesach and Shavuot as they are
observed during the harvest season, and the Torah reminds one harvesting his
crop to provide for the poor.
The Ramban adds that one might think
that if he uses his crop for mitzvot such as the omer offering of
Pesach or the two loaves of Shavuot, there is no need to be concerned with the
poor. However, the Torah repeats these commandments here again to convey the
critical idea that the attention one pays to his ritualistic duties must never
diminish his sensitivity to the plight of the underprivileged.
Rav Hirsch (Vayikra
23:22) takes this idea even further, explaining the similarity in message of
these specific offerings and the gifts to the poor.
Fulfillment of the
mitzvot of peia and leket is the practical corollary to the
omer and the two loaves, for through them every individual is guaranteed the
means of an independent existence. However, this is guaranteed only by the power
of Torah and mitzvot. Were it not for God's Torah, only the landowners
would enjoy an existence worthy of human dignity; only they would benefit from
the bounty of the fields. The landless, however, the poor and the strangers,
would be dependent on the sympathy and judiciousness of the landowners. Yet, in
our "progressive" times, to appeal to the landowners for support borders on a
crime, and the few coins of charity given by them humiliate the recipients.
But such is not to be
done in Israel. For this nation carries the first cuttings of its fields to the
sanctuary of the Torah, and there waves the omer before God. And on the
day that commemorated the receiving of the Torah, the nation brings two loaves
to the sanctuary of the Torah, and there vows to fulfill its duty as the people
of the Torah. The prosperity that is granted to the community is to bestow upon
every individual a dignified existence. In this nation, the produce of the land
and the labor of man are not solely for the benefit of the landowners. The
landless and the strangers are rightful partners in the harvest, and their
upkeep is the obligation of the wealthy and the privilege of the poor
For the wealthy man who
cares for the needy of his people merely fulfills thereby his duty to God. This
duty is thrust upon him with every grain of produce that God caused to grow in
his field. This concept of tzedaka is the greatest of the Torah's social
triumphs.
Three Mentions for Three Different Elements
Although these various
explanations provide fascinating explanations for the mentions of these
mitzvot in these specific places, it might be worth thinking why these
mitzvot are repeated three times in the Torah. Why could the Torah not have
chosen one specific location to mention all these mitzvot, rather than
repeating them with additional elements in three separate contexts? Arent they
all applications of one concept, giving to the poor from the produce of the land
at harvest time?
Based on what we have
seen, it seems that this concept has three diverse elements. Its multifaceted
nature requires that it be taught in these three separate contexts.
We will start with the
third mention in the Torah, as there it would seem to be most straightforward.
There these mitzvot are mentioned along with other interpersonal
commands. The addition of shikhcha, which as mentioned can be fulfilled
even without any awareness at all, underscores the importance of achieving the
result of providing for the needs of the poor. This is the essence of what
distinguishes interpersonal mitzvot from their ritual counterparts, as
regarding interpersonal mitzvot it is the result that can be significant,
even without the proper intent.
As for the repetition in
Emor, on the simple level, this indicates that one cannot be joyous on
the festivals without expressing care and concern for the underprivileged (see
Year 1, Lesson 20). However, the message goes further, as the Ramban notes that
the Torah indicates that there is also a ritual element to leaving the gifts of
one's field. Social justice cannot be pushed aside for ritual obligations,
partly because God views one's giving to the poor as an obligation to Him as
well. It is not only meant to provide for the poor; it is a gift to God as well.
However, it is the
initial mention in Parashat Kedoshim which is of primary importance;
indeed, it may be that for this reason, shikhcha is omitted, as it
focuses on the result rather than the intent of the giver. In the context of
kedusha, how one gives is more important than what one gives.
Holiness requires not
only giving, not only doing so in a dignified manner, but doing so in a way that
transforms the giver. Just as there is a proper way to offer a sacrifice, there
is a proper way to harvest ones crops. One must focus not on the bounty;
rather, one should, in giving gifts to the Temple and the poor, develop real
concern for others. Ones field should become a field for the community's needs.
One should give in a way that ensures that avoids haughtiness and
high-handedness; property should be a means of bringing peace and connection to
God and ones fellow man. The same way that the peace offering is eaten by the
priest, the altar, and the one who offers the sacrifice, ones yield should be
enjoyed by all. Doing so allows one to transform one's wealth into a holy part
of religious life.
If so, the three mentions
of this mitzva underscore its three elements: the interpersonal element of
providing for others (Ki Tetzei), the ritual element of social justice (Emor),
and the bein adam le-atzmo (intrapersonal; see Year 1, Lesson 8) element
of becoming a giving personality through one's wealth, achieving a holy outlook
in the process (Kedoshim). This is the multifaceted nature of these
mitzvot.
In conclusion, Rav Hirsch
points out that it seems rather evident that the purpose of this mitzva is not
to solve the issues of poverty, as it is left to chance whether the poor will
take anything from one's field; the poor themselves are obligated to leave these
gifts from any fields they may own for other unfortunates. Rather, he explains,
these mitzvot serve a different purpose altogether:
At harvest time, a person
surveys what nature has done for him and what he is about to take home as the
fruit of his own labor. At this time he utters the proud and momentous words:
"My own." Precisely at this time, every member of the nation must bear in mind
and signify in deed that anyone who can say This is mine is obligated to care
for others as well. His field and his vineyard do not yield their produce for
him alone (this is the message of peia and olelot). In the labor
of his hands he is not to work for himself alone (this is the message of
leket and peret). For in the state governed by the Law of God, the
care of the poor and the stranger is not left to feelings of sympathy; it is not
dependent on property owners' fears of the threat posed to them by the despair
of the poor. Rather, it is a right that God has given to the poor and a duty
that He has assigned to property-owners. And over all of them, God proclaims, "I
am Lord your God", thereby assuring all of them of His personal care,
encompassing all with equal love and justice and the obligating all equally to
be just and loving toward others. Thus, He unites them all to form a holy
community that is sustained by justice and charity.
In next week's lesson, we
will deal with the particulars of these agricultural mitzvot and their
messages of holiness.
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