MODERN RABBINIC
THOUGHT
By Rav
Yitzchak
Blau
Shiur #08:
Philosophy,
Categorization of Mitzvot, and Rationales for
Mitzvot
One of
R. Hirschs
most significant contributions to Jewish thought is his intensive effort to find
rationales for every aspect of each mitzva. He outlines the foundation for such a
project in The Nineteen Letters and carries out this project in
great detail both in Horeb and in his commentary on the Torah. The Nineteen Letters and
Horeb, R.
Hirschs two early works, both set forth R. Hirschs unique and
innovative six-part classification of mitzvot.
The choice to focus
intellectual efforts on analyzing the reasons for mitzvot fits
R. Hirschs
general worldview. R. Hirsch had little interest
in metaphysical speculation about God, favoring more practical kinds of
philosophic activity. Judaism has
no regard for the kind of speculation that does not aspire to contribute to
active productive life (The Nineteen Letters, letter 15, trans. Karin
Paretzky, revised by R.
Joseph Elias). In
letter 18, he criticizes Rambam for introducing foreign modes of thought into
Judaism, rather than analyzing it from within. For example, according to Rambam,
Knowledge of God was considered an end in itself rather than a means toward the
end. Clearly, for R. Hirsch, knowledge of God is
not the end goal.
This practical bent emerges clearly from his analysis of the eighth
chapter of Tehillim. The second verse of that chapter says:
O God, our Lord, how glorious is Your name in all the earth. One would expect the subsequent verses
to outline in detail Gods grandeur; instead, they turn to a discussion of
humanity. R. Hirsch argues that this psalm reflects
a characteristic Jewish truth.
Knowledge of God is
not a metaphysical insight into the existence, essence and metaphysical
attributes of God. The true
knowledge of God is the ethical insight into the essence of man, his calling and
his task rooted in the concept of God and His relationship to the
world.
Moreover, R.
Hirsch contended that any knowledge of divinity is rooted in
revelation and that human speculation could tell us very little about God
(commentary on Shemot 19:4).
Letter 15 states that we are warned against misconceiving our
intellectual powers and probing into bottomless depths, no matter what
glittering constructions and theses such a quest may produce. According to R, Hirsch, the eighth psalm
mentions out of the mouths of babes to teach that the mind of every child is
sufficient to understand what we need to know about God. The maturest mind of a philosopher
knows no more about the essence of God than the simple mind of a child (cited
in I. Grunfeld, page xlii).
The above idea finds powerful expression in an essay written by
R. Hirsch about
Shavuot and revelation. There, he objects to calling Judaism a
religion or a theology. He
rejects the former term because religion refers to the inner thoughts of man
rather than to outward physical expression. Other religions are made by man and
their external religious acts merely attempt to realize those inner
thoughts. In the case of Judaism,
however, God gave us the commandments and we try to understand the divine
thought manifest in those commandments.
The commandments constitute the primary essence of Judaism.
R.
Hirsch continues to explain
that Judaism is not a theology either:
For, whilst theology
contains the thoughts of man on God and things Divine, the Torah contains the
thoughts of God on man and things human.
There is little said in the Torah which refers directly to God and things
Divine; and of the inner essence of the Godhead and the supernatural we find in
the Torah nothing at all
. The
Torah does not want to tell us how things look in heaven, but how they should
look in our hearts and homes (ibid., p.189).
However,
R. Hirsch does
not call for a moratorium on philosophizing about Judaism. Rather, the philosophical analysis must
focus on Gods message to humanity as communicated via His commandments. In fact, R. Hirsch laments the fact that, as an
overreaction to the wrong kind of philosophizing, some Jews became opponents of
intellectual inquiry in general and of the pursuit of philosophy in particular
(letter 18). They mistakenly
abandoned the attempt to find rationales for the commandments, an endeavor that
R. Hirsch
enthusiastically endorses.
Some opponents of
such speculation erroneously support their position by citing R. Yehuda that we
are not darshinan taama di-Kra (lit., We do not expound the reasons
of Scripture, Sanhedrin 21a).
R.
Hirsch explains that R.Shimon and R. Yehuda only debated
whether we can make halakhic rulings based on our understanding of the
rationales for mitzvot, even if those rationales are not explicit
in the verses. However, they both
agreed that we can suggest reasons that do not impact on the halakha. With great erudition, R. Hirsch lists all the places
where Chazal themselves offered rationales for various mitzvot
(commentary on Devarim 24:7).
Categories of
Mitzvot
R.
Hirsch divides the
commandments into six categories.
1) Torot are doctrines
concerning God, the world, humanity and Israel.
2) Mishpatim require acting
justly toward other humans.
3) Chukim demand showing
justice toward plants, animals and our own selves.
4) Mitzvot consist of the
obligation to love all beings.
5) Edot are symbolic acts
that convey essential truths and lessons.
6) Avoda refers to
commandments, such as prayer, that address our inner religious
life.
The differences between this classification and earlier attempts are
quite striking. Medieval Jewish
thinkers usually distinguished between rational commandments and those we know
only through revelation. Some
employed the terms sikhliyot (sekhel = reason) and shimiyot
(from lishmoa, to hear), while others utilized the terms mishpatim
and chukim. For
R. Hirsch, all
mitzvot share the same kind of rationality. Note that he abandons the more standard
definition of chukim as commandments whose rationale escapes us. The reason we find mishpatim more
intelligible is that, as humans, we understand the feelings of other humans, and
realize the need to treat them justly. If we appreciated the place of
plants and animals in Gods created order, we would understand the chukim
just as well as we understand mishpatim (see letter 11).
Conversely, the unaided human intellect could not help us arrive at the
details of the mishpatim.
R.
Hirsch asks: Would our reasoning obligate us to differentiate
between a guardian of an item who falsely claims that the item was stolen and
one who falsely claims that it was lost? Thus, the chukim have more
rationality than we would imagine, and the mishpatim are not as obvious
as we might think. Regarding both
categories, we need to use our human intellect to analyze the halakhic
data.
It is also noteworthy
that these categories do not create a sharp division between those commandments
that concern the Man-God relationship and those that are interpersonal. Rather,
Torot incorporate ideas about both God and humanity. R. Hirsch teaches that all mitzvot
share the same goals.
R.
Hirsch points out in his Torah commentary that the Torah
frequently interweaves chukim and mishpatim in one legal
section. The commandment to love
your neighbor as yourself is immediately followed by the prohibitions of
kilayim (mixing species of plants or animals) and shaatnez
(mixing linen and wool in a fabric).
R.
Hirsch explains that laws that guard the species of the
organic world are connected to laws guarding human dignity (commentary on
Vayikra 19:19).
R.
Hirsch contends that one
can not divorce chukim from morality. The very first prohibition given to
humanity, not to eat from the Tree of Knowledge, is a chok that enables
moral living because subjugation to the divine will is the condition for all
morality (commentary on Bereishit 2:16). Thus, R. Hirsch refused to make clear
demarcations between moral and ceremonial mitzvot. In addition to the factors enumerated,
he was wary of attempts by Reform to champion the former while dropping the
latter.
Reasons for
Mitzvot
Rambam dedicates
chapters 25-49 of the third section of his Guide of the Perplexed
(Moreh Nevukhim) to explaining the rationale for almost every
mitzva. The contrast between his
method and that of R.
Hirsch is quite sharp.
Rambam offers hygienic explanations for certain food prohibitions
(Guide 3:48). He situates
other mitzvot in a specific historical context that necessitated
combating ancient paganism (Guide 3:29-32). Interestingly, he views his job as
explaining the biblical verses about mitzvot rather than the
mitzvot as understood by the Oral Law. Thus, his discussion of Jewish
punishments assumes a literal reading of an eye for an eye (Guide
3:41).
R.
Hirsch disagrees with all
of the above. In letter 18, he
criticizes those who reduce mishpatim to rules of prudent behavior and
chukim to rules of health.
Such explanations fail to ensure the eternal quality of the
commandments. The commandments
reflect eternal ideals and not just responses to given historical
situations. God did not command the
sacrificial order because, given religious life in the ancient Near East, it was
the best way to wean the people away from paganism. Rather, God had certain ideas, relevant
to every generation, that He wanted to convey through the medium of
sacrifices. Additionally,
R. Hirsch
taught that an authentic Jewish explanation must incorporate the Oral Law.
These two rabbinic
luminaries also differed on the question of explaining details. Rambam said that we should offer a
reason for the general mitzva but not for the details. From his perspective, it is pointless to
ask why we bring bullocks and not rams or why we bring three animals rather than
two. Halakha had to pick
something (perhaps to give the mitzva act a consistent identity), but the
specific choice was arbitrary (Guide 3:26).
To be fair, the fact
that Rambams examples come from the world of sacrifices might limit their
force. Given his view of the
sacrificial order, he would be more likely to see the details of sacrifices as
less significant. Furthermore, we
cannot easily determine what constitutes the essential mitzva and what a
detail. Is the fact that
circumcision takes place on the eighth day a detail or part and parcel of the
essential mitzva? Rambam himself
seems to explain particular details, such as why Pesach and Sukkot last a week
while Shavuot is only one day (Guide 3:43). Despite these difficulties, we can
safely say that Rambam did not feel the need to show how each halakhic detail
coheres with his explanations.
R.
Hirsch points out the irony
that Rambam, author of the greatest halakhic code, did not utilize the details
of mitzvot in his philosophical speculations.
Nor did the
interpretations offered for mitzvot explain them in their totality: he,
the great systematic codifier of the practical conclusions of the Talmud, in the
last part of his philosophical work advanced interpretations of the
mitzvot which shed no light on their practical details, as defined in his
code, and which, indeed, are often incompatible with them (letter
18).
For R.
Hirsch, this method lacks methodologically sound scientific
principles. He compares the Torah
to the scientific enterprise.
Scientists encounter a world with given facts and suggest theories to
explain those facts. In the same
way, Halakha represents our given set of data and we should employ the facts of
Halakha to determine the accuracy of our suggested rationales (see the fourth
footnote in letter 18). Paying
attention to the details allows our theories to be tested by the facts of the
situation. As we shall see in next
weeks shiur, halakhic details influence R. Hirschs understanding of many
mitzvot.
As far as I know, no rabbinic thinker incorporated halakhic details into
his taamei ha-mitzvot (rationales for mitzvot) to the extent that
R. Hirsch
did. Yonah Emmanuel (in the article
cited in footnote 4 above) attempts to portray all of R. Hirschs innovations as firmly rooted
in the Ashkenazic rabbinic tradition.
He cites examples where earlier authorities offered reasons for the
commandments and related to the halakhic details when doing so. However, there is a wide gulf between
occasionally attempting this and making it a methodological principle that must
be employed throughout the Torah.
In that sense, R.
Hirsch represents a major innovation.
R.
Hirsch also rejects
kabbalistic explanations for mitzvot that focus on the commandments
impact on other metaphysical worlds.
In letter 10, he complains that mans inner and outer endeavors came to
be interpreted as a mere mechanical, magical, dynamic building of cosmic worlds
- thereby often reducing all those activities that were meant to train and give
vitality to the spirit to mere preoccupation with amulets. In letter 17, he says that the
Edot, duties which are meant to educate us, are well known, but all too
often they are seen as thoughtless mechanical practices, or almost as magical
charms to ward off physical evils or to construe mystical worlds. A focus on commandments as good luck
charms or as machinery for moving cosmic gears distracts our attention from the
ideas and ideals that they convey to us in this world.
Next week, we will discuss specific examples of this method, as well as
R. Hirschs
evaluation of someone who performs the mitzvot without delving into the
rationales.
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