The Need for a Divine Command (Part 2 of 2)
Bein Adam Le-Chavero: Ethics of Interpersonal Conduct
By Rav Binyamin Zimmerman
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This week’s shiurim are dedicated by Abe Mezrich
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Shiur
#05: The Need for a Divine Command (Part 2 of 2)
In last
week’s lesson, we started to develop an understanding of the need for divine
commandments in the ethical realm.
We indicated that reason alone is not sufficiently binding and that proper
conduct can often be rationalized away’ leading to the creation of a society
with a corrupted sense of morality.
In this week’s lesson, we will add more reasons for commandment being necessary,
and we will further elaborate on the concepts we have developed by analyzing
Avraham’s encounter with Avimelekh.
Balance of Values
Another
motivation for divine ethical dictates is that reason can enable us to develop
many values, but it often falls short in determining the relative strength of
those values. For instance, the
prohibition of causing tzaar baalei chayim, pain to animals, is clearly
substantial in Halakha (See Shulchan Arukh OC 305:20), but it pales in
significance when compared to providing essential human needs and saving human
lives. An animal-lover’s disregard
for human pain is a perfect example of how an ethical doctrine can go haywire,
if not rooted in some deeper, divine system of thought.
Unfortunately, not too long ago, the Jewish people experienced the most heinous
of crimes against humanity at the hands of a society that considered itself to
be highly cultured, ethical, and humanitarian.
The stories told of many wicked individuals who viewed themselves as
caring and decent are mindboggling and painful, and they express the need for a
divine code of ethics.
Many of
the Nazi leaders who spent their days killing humans en masse were great lovers
and protectors of animals.
Deputy
Führer Rudolf Hess, of cursed memory, was a mass murderer, but he was also a
vegetarian and a member of an animal rights society. His care for animals was born after
when he saw a calf being led to the slaughter and could not bear the pleading
look in the eyes of the animal, which sensed its impending doom. Similarly, SS head Heinrich Himmler,
of cursed memory, penned a letter describing his love and care for animals,
“creatures grazing at the end of the forest — innocent, helpless, unsuspecting
creatures…”
Indeed,
years before Hitler came to power, the story goes, the rosh yeshiva of
Slabodka, Rav Moshe Mordekhai Epstein, of blessed memory, was on a trip to
Germany, and he saw a woman sitting on a bench kissing her dog. In shock, he predicted: “They will be
slaughtering people in this country one of these days, for it says in the verse
(Hoshea 13:2), ‘Butchers of people will kiss calves.’” If care for
animals leads one to see animals as human, then one has failed to recognize the
dividing line between man and animal, a phenomenon which may lead to the utmost
cruelty toward one’s fellow man.
George
Steiner, in the preface to his book Language and Silence, expresses the
disillusionment of the rationalists themselves in the post-Holocaust era:
We know
now that a man can read Goethe or Rilke in the evening, that he can play Bach
and Schubert and go to his day’s work at Auschwitz in the morning. To say that
he has read them without understanding, or that his ear is gross, is cant. In
what way does this knowledge bear on literature and society, on the hope, grown
almost axiomatic from the time of Plato to that of Matthew Arnold, that culture
is a humanizing force, that the energies of the spirit are transferable to those
of conduct?
A divine
set of moral dictates ensures that one can maintain balance in interpersonal
behavior. A higher authority directs each person as to how to balance different
values.
The Torah’s Definition of Truly Moral Behavior
Even
setting aside the limitations of an ethical system based on reason alone, there
is another fundamental element of the need for commandment in the ethical realm. The Torah, with all of its
understanding of the natural morality of the divine image of man, and even with
all of its awareness of the Jew’s natural disposition to kindness, feels the
need to define proper behavior.
Judaism redefines man’s natural sense of virtue, and its definitions determine
truly moral behavior.
Rav
Chayim of Volozhin, in his work Ruach Chayim, comments on the mishna
in Tractate Avot (1:2) that teaches “The world stands on three things:
Torah, serving God and acts of kindness.”
He explains that these foundations only existed as independent variables
prior to the giving of the Torah.
However, the revelation at Sinai made worship and kindliness meaningless when
they are separate from the Torah.
After Sinai, behaving in a seemingly virtuous manner that is not consonant with
Torah dictates is improper.
Torah is
first on the list (of foundations of the world), for if there would be one
moment without Torah study, the entire world would revert to the chaos of the
first day of creation. Moreover,
Torah defines divine service and kind deeds… Lending money with interest was
permitted and considered chesed before the giving of the Torah. The Taz (Yoreh Dea 160) notes
that most businesses depend on loans in order to raise capital and consider it a
favor if such loans are granted, even if they are charged interest. After Sinai, loaning with interest
not only ceases to be chesed; it becomes forbidden, punishable by
exclusion from the resurrection of the dead.
The Torah
often not only transforms our innate sense of obligation to fulfill a
commandment; it also provides the guidelines for proper performance, defining
the parameters of that obligation.
Rav Chayim of Volozhin provides another example in his commentary (ibid). He cites the anecdote of Rabbi Akiva,
as a young student, coming across an abandoned corpse, a meit mitzva,
which Jewish law demands be buried with all due haste. Thinking it appropriate, he picks the
corpse up and carries it several miles to the nearest village for burial. Rav Akiva is told by his masters that
despite his noble intentions, the law states that the greatest act of kindness
for an abandoned body is to bury it right where it is found; every step of his
had been, in fact, a sin (Semachot 4).
The story
demonstrates that even when one intends to act properly and kindly, their
rational approach may be deficient, illustrating the need for a greater
authority to dictate correct behavior.
Certainly divine input is also necessary in specific situations, where
there can be a clash of values that lead to confusion as to the proper mode of
conduct. Ethical dilemmas, such as
the question of the propriety of stealing in order to save a life, can only be
solved through great study of the parameters of the interpersonal mitzvot.
Divinely-Mandated
Goodness
Beyond
all the reasons given above, the simplest explanation for God’s commanding us to
follow mitzvot in the interpersonal realm is that it is His will that we
be kind and ethical, not just for natural moral reasons, but also for
supernatural ones. God wants to
ensure that we create a society of chesed, rooted not only in our love
for man, but also in our love of God.
God shows that it is important to Him as well that we treat others with
respect. It is through the ethical
commandments that God teaches us that an immoral individual cannot be considered
a religious Jew.
The
society we live in, while championing the importance of ethics and virtue, is
also often marred by selfishness and outlooks which focus on the individual, to
the exclusion of others. As people
focus on their own needs, and personal ambition is often accepted as ample
reason for hurting another, refocusing on the Torah’s interpersonal ideals
becomes all the more important.
The Torah chooses to combat hypocrisy and provide a balanced sense of
morality, rooted in the divine mandate to elevate our behavior to that of a true
“kingdom of priests” (Shemot 19:6).
Case in Point:
Avraham’s Encounter with Avimelekh
The story
of Avraham’s encounter with Avimelekh, Philistine King of Gerar, explores the
deficiencies of a society rooted in reasoned morality. The Torah tells us, at two different
points that Avraham feels the need to hide the true nature of his relationship
to his beautiful wife Sara and to portray their association as merely that of
siblings. The first incident, in the
kingdom of Egypt (Bereishit 12:13 ff.), is very understandable. Egypt is the capital of immoral
behavior at the time, and there is no doubt that Pharaoh might have killed the
husband of a beautiful woman to be able to take his wife. The society of Gerar, on
the other hand, is known to be extremely ethical, with upstanding behavior and
values, yet Avraham chooses to conceal the fact that Sara is indeed his wife
once again, when he stays there (ibid. Ch. 20; all subsequent citations are from
there unless otherwise noted). One
might ask: why is Avraham so afraid to be honest in Gerar?
In fact,
this question is posed directly to Avraham by Avimelekh himself. Working off the assumption that Sara
is Avraham’s sister, Avimelekh chooses to take her to the palace. Avimelekh is taken to task by God:
And God
came to Avimelekh in a dream by night, and He said to him, “Behold, you are to
die because of the woman you have taken, for she is a married woman.” (v. 3)
Avimelekh, who had been told originally that Sara was Avraham’s sister,
complains to God. God responds that
he knows what Avimelekh believed, but Avraham is nevertheless a prophet, and if
Avimelekh is interested in being healed, he needs to return Sara.
The next
morning, Avimelekh rises early and summons his servants, telling them the truth.
He then confronts Avraham with extreme
anger. He explains that as king, he
stands at the helm of an ethical society, and therefore who could insinuate that
he, of all people, would want to steal another man’s wife?
Avraham
responds duly, with a rejoinder that deserves much analysis. Avraham counters (v. 11) “For I said,
‘Surely the fear of God (yirat Elokim) is not in this place; indeed, they
will kill me over my wife!’”
Avraham’s
rejoinder seems to be very straightforward: without yirat Elokim, one
cannot rely on any moral code of behavior to prevent people from committing even
the most heinous of crimes, bloodshed and adultery. Though the society of Gerar might not
be as openly corrupt as that of Egypt, the lack of a moral code rooted in divine
commandment cannot hold its weight against temptation.
Avraham
then continues his response to Avimelekh (v. 12), “Moreover, she is indeed my
sister, my father’s daughter, though not my mother’s daughter, and she became my
wife…” Avraham’s justification of
referring to Sara as his sister is seemingly a further rebuke to Avimelekh’s
system of ethics: if Avimelekh wants
to live according to a system based upon the letter of the law and not its
spirit, based upon the fine print and circumventing the true intent, than by his
own rules, Avraham’s act is morally defensible.
In a moral society not predicated on yirat Elokim, any activity
can be justified by finding a technical loophole or creating it in times of
necessity.
The
Talmud (Bava Kamma 92a) states that in fact Avraham is explaining to
Avimelekh in this exchange that the twisted morality that he has observed in
Gerar has the potential to be more deadly than the openly lustful behavior of
Egypt. In a supposedly moral
society, in order to enable the king to seize the most beautiful, albeit
married, woman, her husband would have to be killed. It is specifically because the moral
code forbids a relationship with a married woman that so-called morality would
require taking the life of another human.
The
Talmud phrases Avraham’s challenge to Avimelekh’s sense of values thusly: “If a
stranger comes to town, one asks him about matters of food and drink. Does one ask him about his wife?” This first question posed to a
visitor expresses the deadliest form of misdirected morality.
As God tells Avimelekh, Avraham is a
prophet, and his penetrating outlook is not based on mere fear, but on a deep
understanding of the nature of a society not anchored in divine standards. Avraham explains that rational
morality is often skin-deep (see Mikhtav Mei-Eliyahu Vol. 1, p. 72). The Malbim, in fact, expressed this
idea in his commentary to these verses:
If we see
a person who is a great philosopher, who is just in his ways and has accustomed
himself to act properly based on his intellect, we still cannot trust that
person, for at a time of passion he may act evilly, and the same is true of a
nation… Rather than having one’s
intellect dominate one’s passions, the fire of passion may burn for a desirable
woman, for the wealth of another. In
such circumstances, even one’s intellect will be led astray — to murder, to
engage in adultery or to commit any other evil act. There is only one force in man’s soul
which can guarantee that he will not sin, and that is the characteristic of
yira which is planted in his soul, which comes down to one thing: yirat
Elokim.
In
contemporary modern society, we often see a civilization that has many admirable
values, including a sense of morality and compassion for humanity. However, double talk and
hypocritical behavior often reveal the true face of the most supposedly moral
individuals.
Two Necessary
Conclusions for Divine Morality
By
commanding morality, God in essence obligates us to develop in two other areas
in order to become an ethical individual.
The command defines the parameters of morality and insures that one does
not lose balance or rationalize immoral behavior.
Only one who is familiar with the divine definitions of kindness and who
feels bound by them under all circumstances can truly be ethical.
The Need for
Studying the Ethical Commandments
Rav
Chayim of Volozhin expands his argument (cited infra.) of the necessity
to view morality as a mitzva, emphasizing the importance of learning how to
perform chesed in order to become a truly kind person (chasid). He explains that the question of the
relative importance of focusing one’s efforts on Torah study or the performance
of mitzvot (Kiddushin 40b) is in fact related to this thesis.
“Your
Word is a candle for my feet, a torch for my path” (Tehillim 119:105). The Torah serves as both torch and
candle, defining the mitzvot and their details in order to lead us on the
path of life. The mishna (Avot 2:5) tells us: “An ignoramus cannot
be a chasid”…
Even with
the best intentions, one cannot properly fulfill the commandments without
knowing the laws very well…. The question [regarding whether Torah study or
mitzva performance takes precedence] has been resolved in the following manner:
without Torah study, none of the other commandments can be performed properly…
for one cannot perform a mitzva without knowing all of its detailed rules…
Torah
study is not just one of the three pillars that support the world; it shapes and
defines the other two, serving God and acts of kindness, as well.
Hopefully, the lessons in this series will enable us to learn the divine
parameters of chesed, to know how to act properly. However, knowledge is only useful for
the one who is committed to living according to knowledge, even when
circumstances complicate the execution.
The Need to Develop
Fear of God
We saw earlier how Avraham tells Avimelekh that he had felt the need to
lie about the true nature of his relationship with Sara because he witnessed a
lack of yirat Elokim, fear of God, in Gerar. Avraham evidently feels that yirat
Elokim is essential for living a moral life.
However, this gives rise to a question.
Usually, we downplay the necessity of fearing God, focusing on the mitzva
of loving God, which has more positive associations. Why would Avraham stress the
seemingly secondary element of fearing God as a necessity for a moral society,
instead of pointing out the Philistines’ deficiency in loving God?
We may
understand this by examining another teaching of Rav Chayim of Volozhin. Rav Chayim points out that people
often denigrate the importance of fearing God’s punishment. For that reason, we are told that one
should not perform mitzvot with the intention of receiving a reward (Avot
1:3) and that one should serve God out of love and not fear (Rambam,
Hilkhot Teshuva, Ch. 10).
In most instances where yira is expressed in positive terms, we
understand it not as fear, but as awe — achieving an extremely elevated level of
standing in total reverence and astonishment at the omnipotence of God.
However,
Rav Chayim, in numerous places, expresses his strong conviction that while
simple fear of God is certainly not the goal at the highest level of divine
service, it is an essential element of any religious commitment and should not
be disparaged. With his
characteristic realism, he states that one who tries to serve God only out of
love and never out of fear will not succeed; one who does so will ultimately
experience a spiritual downfall. He
understands the mishna (Avot 2:1) that states, “One should be as
scrupulous with a minor mitzva as with a major one” in the following way: “Even
when performing a mitzva with ulterior motives, so that the value of the mitzva
is diminished, one must still be very scrupulous, for even so its value is
tremendous” (Ruach Chayim 2:1).
The fear or trepidation at the thought of committing a prohibition and
the understanding of the divine reward for the fulfillment of a mitzva keep one
on track even when one is not in the mood to be nice. (See also Milluim
Le-Ruach Chayim, Ch. 8).
The
yirat Elokim that Avraham describes to Avimelekh is the same fear of Heaven
that Rav Chayim praises. It is this
yira that remains strong when reason attempts to guide us to sin in the
name of morality and all our lofty goals subside; it keeps us on the high road. Working on our fear of God helps us
remain committed to morality even when doing the right thing is not so easy;
succeeding in acting properly even under trying circumstances is a true
accomplishment. As Avraham teaches
us, fearing God is an essential part of being nice, another bridge between the
ritual and the ethical commandments.
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